Research

Research Relevant to Short-Chain PFAS

A robust body of research has been conducted on poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), not only by industry, but also by universities, government agencies and independent laboratories. A decade ago, all of the FluoroCouncil members committed to the 2010/2015 PFOA Stewardship Program, a global partnership between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and industry based on voluntary corporate goals to reduce human and environmental exposure to PFOA and related long-chain fluorinated substances by eliminating those chemicals from emissions and product content by the end of 2015. To continue to meet the critical performance properties provided by PFAS, the FluoroCouncil member companies developed alternatives, including short-chain PFASs with improved environmental and health profiles.

These short-chain substances are well studied. Significant toxicity and environmental data on the products themselves, the raw materials used to produce them, and the associated degradation products has been developed and provided to regulators globally as part of their chemical review processes. The data support the conclusion that the short-chain PFASs studied are not expected to harm human health or the environment. Compared to the long-chains, the short-chain substances are eliminated more rapidly from the body and are less toxic.

Below is a compilation of peer-reviewed publically available literature that provides data relevant to the short-chain PFASs. The literature was compiled by the FluoroCouncil, and much of it is summarized in a report by ENVIRON, “Assessment of POP Criteria for Specific Short-Chain Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances.” Please contact the FluoroCouncil if you have any questions about the information contained here. This site is developed and maintained by the FluoroCouncil. This information is updated on a regular basis, but may not be comprehensive.

Environmental Data
Bioaccumulation
Biomonitoring
Toxicology/Risk Assessment
Ecotoxicology
General

Environmental Data

Ahrens L, Barber JL, Xie Z, and Ebinghaus R. 2009. Longitudinal and latitudinal distribution of perfluoroalkyl compounds in the surface water of the Atlantic Ocean. Environ Sci Technol 43:3122-3127.

Ahrens L, Gerwinski W, Theobald N, and Ebinghaus R. 2010. Sources of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the North Sea, Baltic Sea and Norwegian Sea: Evidence from their spatial distribution in surface water. Mar Pollut Bull 60:255-260.

Ahrens L. 2011. Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the aquatic environment: a review of their occurrence and fate. J Environ Monit 13:20-31.

Ahrens L, Shoeib M, Vento SD, Codling G, and Halsall C. 2011. Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the Canadian Arctic atmosphere. Environ Chem 8:399-406.

Ahrens L, Shoeib M, Harner T, Lee SC, Guo R, and Reiner EJ. 2011. Wastewater treatment plant and landfills as sources of polyfluoroalkyl compounds to the atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 45:8098-8105.

Appleman TD, Higgins CP, Quinones O, Vanderford BJ, Kolstad C, Zeigler-Holady JC, and Dickenson ER. 2013. Treatment of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in U.S. full-scale water treatment systems. Water Res

Armitage JM, MacLeod M, and Cousins IT. 2009. Comparative assessment of the global fate and transport pathways of long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorocarboxylates (PFCs) emitted from direct sources. Environ Sci Technol 43:5830-5836.

Barber JL, Berger U, Chaemfa C, Huber S, Jahnke A, Temme C, and Jones KC. 2007. Analysis of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in air samples from Northwest Europe. J Environ Monit 9:530-541.

Blaine AC, Rich CD, Hundal LS, Lau C, Mills MA, Harris KM, and Higgins CP. 2013. Uptake of Perfluoroalkyl Acids into Edible Crops via Land Applied Biosolids: Field and Greenhouse Studies. Environ Sci Technol 47:14062-14069.

Blanco MB, Bejan I, Barnes I, Wiesen P, and Teruel MA. 2009. OH-initiated degradation of unsaturated esters in the atmosphere: kinetics in the temperature range of 287-313 K. J Phys Chem A 113:5958-5965.

Boiteux V, Dauchy X, Rosin C, and Munoz JF. 2012. National screening study on 10 perfluorinated compounds in raw and treated tap water in France. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 63:1-12.

Busch J, Ahrens L, Xie Z, Sturm R, and Ebinghaus R. 2010. Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the East Greenland Arctic Ocean. J Environ Monit 12:1242-1246.

Butt CM, Berger U, Bossi R, and Tomy GT. 2010. Levels and trends of poly- and perfluorinated compounds in the arctic environment. Sci Total Environ 408:2936-2965.

Butt CM, Muir DC, and Mabury SA. 2014. Biotransformation pathways of fluorotelomer-based polyfluoroalkyl substances: A review. Environ Toxicol Chem 33:243-267.

Cai M, Xie Z, Moller A, Yin Z, Huang P, Cai M, Yang H, Sturm R, He J, and Ebinghaus R. 2012. Polyfluorinated compounds in the atmosphere along a cruise pathway from the Japan Sea to the Arctic Ocean. Chemosphere 87:989-997.

Carmosini N and Lee LS. 2008. Partitioning of fluorotelomer alcohols to octanol and different sources of dissolved organic carbon. Environ Sci Technol 42:6559-6565.

Clara M, Scheffknecht C, Scharf S, Weiss S, and Gans O. 2008. Emissions of perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS) from point sources–identification of relevant branches. Water Sci Technol 58:59-66.

Clara M, Gans O, Weiss S, Sanz-Escribano D, Scharf S, and Scheffknecht C. 2009. Perfluorinated alkylated substances in the aquatic environment: an Austrian case study. Water Res 43:4760-4768.

Dasu K, Lee LS, Turco RF, and Nies LF. 2013. Aerobic biodegradation of 8:2 fluorotelomer stearate monoester and 8:2 fluorotelomer citrate triester in forest soil. Chemosphere 91:399-405.

Dauchy X, Boiteux V, Rosin C, and Munoz JF. 2012. Relationship between industrial discharges and contamination of raw water resources by perfluorinated compounds. Part I: Case study of a fluoropolymer manufacturing plant. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 89:525-530.

Del Vento S, Halsall C, Gioia R, Jones K, and Dachs J. 2012. Volatile per– and polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the remote atmosphere of the western Antarctic Peninsula: an indirect source of perfluoroalkyl acids to Antarctic waters? Atmospheric Pollution Research 3:450-455.

Dreyer A, Weinberg I, Temme C, and Ebinghaus R. 2009. Polyfluorinated compounds in the atmosphere of the Atlantic and Southern Oceans: evidence for a global distribution. Environ Sci Technol 43:6507-6514.

Dreyer A and Ebinghaus R. 2009. Polyfluorinated compounds in ambient air from ship- and land-based measurements in northern Germany. Atmospheric Environment 43:1527-1535.

Dreyer A, Langer V, and Ebinghaus R. 2009. Determination of Octanol-Air Partition Coefficients (KOA) of Fluorotelomer” Acrylates, Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonamids, and Perftuoroalkylsulfonamido Ethanols. J Chem Eng Data 54:3022-3025.

Ellington JJ, Washington JW, Evans JJ, Jenkins TM, Hafner SC, and Neill MP. 2009. Analysis of fluorotelomer alcohols in soils: optimization of extraction and chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1216:5347-5354.

Ellis DA and Mabury SA. 2003. Chemical ionization pathways of polyfluorinated chemicals–a connection to environmental atmospheric processes. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 14:1177-1191.

Ellis DA, Martin JW, Mabury SA, Hurley MD, Andersen MP, and Wallington TJ. 2003. Atmospheric lifetime of fluorotelomer alcohols. Environ Sci Technol 37:3816-3820.

Ellis DA, Martin JW, De Silva AO, Mabury SA, Hurley MD, Sulbaek Andersen MP, and Wallington TJ. 2004. Degradation of fluorotelomer alcohols: a likely atmospheric source of perfluorinated carboxylic acids. Environ Sci Technol 38:3316-3321.

Ericson Jogsten I, Nadal M, van BB, Lindstrom G, and Domingo JL. 2012. Per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in house dust and indoor air in Catalonia, Spain: implications for human exposure. Environ Int 39:172-180.

Ericson I, Domingo JL, Nadal M, Bigas E, Llebaria X, van BB, and Lindstrom G. 2009. Levels of perfluorinated chemicals in municipal drinking water from Catalonia, Spain: public health implications. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 57:631-638.

Fraser AJ, Webster TF, Watkins DJ, Strynar MJ, Kato K, Calafat AM, Vieira VM, and McClean MD. 2013. Polyfluorinated compounds in dust from homes, offices, and vehicles as predictors of concentrations in office workers’ serum. Environ Int 60:128-136.

Gellrich V, Brunn H, and Stahl T. 2013. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in mineral water and tap water. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 48:129-135.

Gewurtz SB, Backus SM, De Silva AO, Ahrens L, Armellin A, Evans M, Fraser S, Gledhill M, Guerra P, Harner T, Helm PA, Hung H, Khera N, Kim MG, King M, Lee SC, Letcher RJ, Martin P, Marvin C, McGoldrick DJ, Myers AL, Pelletier M, Pomeroy J, Reiner EJ, Rondeau M, Sauve MC, Sekela M, Shoeib M, Smith DW, Smyth SA, Struger J, Spry D, Syrgiannis J, and Waltho J. 2013. Perfluoroalkyl acids in the Canadian environment: multi-media assessment of current status and trends. Environ Int 59:183-200.

He N, Zhou M, and Sun H. 2013. Biodegradation of 6-2 fluorotelomer alcohol in activated sludge. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 33:383-388.

Houde M, De Silva AO, Muir DC, and Letcher RJ. 2011. Monitoring of perfluorinated compounds in aquatic biota: an updated review. Environ Sci Technol 45:7962-7973.

Jahnke A, Ahrens L, Ebinghaus R, and Temme C. 2007. Urban versus remote air concentrations of fluorotelomer alcohols and other polyfluorinated alkyl substances in Germany. Environ Sci Technol 41:745-752.

Kim MH, Wang N, McDonald T, and Chu KH. 2012. Biodefluorination and biotransformation of fluorotelomer alcohols by two alkane-degrading Pseudomonas strains. Biotechnol Bioeng 109:3041-3048.

Kim MH, Wang N, and Chu KH. 2013. 6:2 Fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH) biodegradation by multiple microbial species under different physiological conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

Kim S-K. 2008. Environmental Distribution and Fate of Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs) as Emerging POPs: Physico-Chemical Properties, Emission, Contamination Level, Inter-phase Distribution and Long-Range Transport. J Environ Toxicol 23:143-164.

Krusic PJ, Marchione AA, Davidson F, Kaiser MA, Kao CP, Richardson RE, Botelho M, Waterland RL, and Buck RC. 2005. Vapor pressure and intramolecular hydrogen bonding in fluorotelomer alcohols. J Phys Chem A 109:6232-6241.

Langer V, Dreyer A, and Ebinghaus R. 2010. Polyfluorinated compounds in residential and nonresidential indoor air. Environ Sci Technol 44:8075-8081.

Lasier PJ, Washington JW, Hassan SM, and Jenkins TM. 2011. Perfluorinated chemicals in surface waters and sediments from northwest Georgia, USA, and their bioaccumulation in Lumbriculus variegatus. Environ Toxicol Chem 30:2194-2201.

Lee H, D’eon J, and Mabury SA. 2010. Biodegradation of polyfluoroalkyl phosphates as a source of perfluorinated acids to the environment. Environ Sci Technol 44:3305-3310.

Leui YD, Wania F, Mathers D, and Mabury SA. 2004. Determination of Vapor Pressures, Octanol-Air, and Water-Air Partition Coefficients for Polyfluorinated Sulfonamide, Sulfonamidoethanols, and Telomer Alcohols. J Chem Eng Data 49:1013-1022.

Li B, Danon-Schaffer M, Li L, Ikonomou M, and Grace J. 2012. Occurrence of PFCs and PBDEs in landfill leachates from across canada. Water Air Soil Pollut 223:3365-3372.

Lin AY, Panchangam SC, and Ciou PS. 2010. High levels of perfluorochemicals in Taiwan’s wastewater treatment plants and downstream rivers pose great risk to local aquatic ecosystems. Chemosphere 80:1167-1174.

Lindstrom AB, Strynar MJ, Delinsky AD, Nakayama SF, McMillan L, Libelo EL, Neill M, and Thomas L. 2011. Application of WWTP biosolids and resulting perfluorinated compound contamination of surface and well water in Decatur, Alabama, USA. Environ Sci Technol 45:8015-8021.

Liou JS, Szostek B, DeRito CM, and Madsen EL. 2010. Investigating the biodegradability of perfluorooctanoic acid. Chemosphere 80:176-183.
Liu J and Lee LS. 2007. Effect of fluorotelomer alcohol chain length on aqueous solubility and sorption by soils. Environ Sci Technol 41:5357-5362.

Liu J, Wang N, Buck RC, Wolstenholme BW, Folsom PW, Sulecki LM, and Bellin CA. 2010. Aerobic biodegradation of [14C] 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol in a flow-through soil incubation system. Chemosphere 80:716-723.

Liu J, Wang N, Szostek B, Buck RC, Panciroli PK, Folsom PW, Sulecki LM, and Bellin CA. 2010. 6-2 Fluorotelomer alcohol aerobic biodegradation in soil and mixed bacterial culture. Chemosphere 78:437-444.

Liu J and Mejia AS. 2013. Microbial degradation of polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the environment: a review. Environ Int 61:98-114.

Liu W, Takahashi S, Sakuramachi Y, Harada KH, and Koizumi A. 2013. Polyfluorinated telomers in indoor air of Japanese houses. Chemosphere 90:1672-1677.

Llorca M, Farre M, Pico Y, Muller J, Knepper TP, and Barcelo D. 2012. Analysis of perfluoroalkyl substances in waters from Germany and Spain. Sci Total Environ 431:139-150.

Llorca M, Farre M, Tavano MS, Alonso B, Koremblit G, and Barcelo D. 2012. Fate of a broad spectrum of perfluorinated compounds in soils and biota from Tierra del Fuego and Antarctica. Environ Pollut 163:158-166.

Loewen M, Halldorson T, Wang F, and Tomy G. 2005. Fluorotelomer carboxylic acids and PFOS in rainwater from an urban center in Canada. Environ Sci Technol 39:2944-2951.

Mahmoud MA, Karrman A, Oono S, Harada KH, and Koizumi A. 2009. Polyfluorinated telomers in precipitation and surface water in an urban area of Japan. Chemosphere 74:467-472.

Mak YL, Taniyasu S, Yeung LW, Lu G, Jin L, Yang Y, Lam PK, Kannan K, and Yamashita N. 2009. Perfluorinated compounds in tap water from China and several other countries. Environ Sci Technol 43:4824-4829.

Muller CE, Gerecke AC, Bogdal C, Wang Z, Scheringer M, and Hungerbuhler K. 2012. Atmospheric fate of poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs): I. Day-night patterns of air concentrations in summer in Zurich, Switzerland. Environ Pollut 169:196-203.

Oono S, Matsubara E, Harada KH, Takagi S, Hamada S, Asakawa A, Inoue K, Watanabe I, and Koizumi A. 2008. Survey of airborne polyfluorinated telomers in Keihan area, Japan. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 80:102-106.

Oono S, Harada KH, Mahmoud MA, Inoue K, and Koizumi A. 2008. Current levels of airborne polyfluorinated telomers in Japan. Chemosphere 73:932-937.

Parsons JR, Saez M, Dolfing J, and de VP. 2008. Biodegradation of perfluorinated compounds. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 196:53-71.

Perkola N and Sainio P. 2013. Survey of perfluorinated alkyl acids in Finnish effluents, storm water, landfill leachate and sludge. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 20:7979-7987.

Piekarz AM, Primbs T, Field JA, Barofsky DF, and Simonich S. 2007. Semivolatile fluorinated organic compounds in Asian and western U.S. air masses. Environ Sci Technol 41:8248-8255.

Post GB, Cohn PD, and Cooper KR. 2012. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), an emerging drinking water contaminant: a critical review of recent literature. Environ Res 116:93-117.

Prevedouros K, Cousins IT, Buck RC, and Korzeniowski SH. 2006. Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates. Environ Sci Technol 40:32-44.

Rayne S and Forest K. 2009. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic and carboxylic acids: a critical review of physicochemical properties, levels and patterns in waters and wastewaters, and treatment methods. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 44:1145-1199.

Rayne S, Forest K, and Friesen KJ. 2009. Estimated bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for the C(4) through C(8) perfluorinated alkylsulfonic acid (PFSA) and alkylcarboxylic acid (PFCA) congeners. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 44:598-604.

Renzi M, Guerranti C, Giovani A, Perra G, and Focardi SE. 2013. Perfluorinated compounds: levels, trophic web enrichments and human dietary intakes in transitional water ecosystems. Mar Pollut Bull 76:146-157.

Ruan T, Szostek B, Folsom PW, Wolstenholme BW, Liu R, Liu J, Jiang G, Wang N, and Buck RC. 2013. Aerobic soil biotransformation of 6:2 fluorotelomer iodide. Environ Sci Technol 47:11504-11511.

Russell MH, Berti WR, Szostek B, and Buck RC. 2008. Investigation of the biodegradation potential of a fluoroacrylate polymer product in aerobic soils. Environ Sci Technol 42:800-807.

Salam M, Hossain M, Haq M, and Parvez M. 2009. Deposition flux of perfluorinated compounds in wet deposition samples in Yokohama, Japan. J Bio-sci 17:12.

Schindler B, Buchanan J, Mahle J, Peterson G, and Glover T. 2013. Ambient Temperature Vapor Pressure and Adsorption Capacity for (Perfluorooctyl) Ethylene, 3.(Perfluorobutyl)propanol, Perfluorohexanoic Acid, Ethyl Perfluorooctanoate, and Perfluoro-3,6-dioxaheptanoic Acid. J Chem Eng Data 58:1806-1812.

Schlummer M, Gruber L, Fiedler D, Kizlauskas M, and Muller J. 2013. Detection of fluorotelomer alcohols in indoor environments and their relevance for human exposure. Environ Int 57-58:42-49.

Shivakoti BR, Tanaka S, Fujii S, Kunacheva C, Boontanon SK, Musirat C, Seneviratne ST, and Tanaka H. 2010. Occurrences and behavior of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in several wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Japan and Thailand. J Environ Monit 12:1255-1264.

Shoeib M, Vlahos P, Harner T, Peters A, Graustein M, and Narayan J. 2010. Survey of polyfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in the atmosphere over the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Atmospheric Environment 44:2887-893.

Stahl T, Heyn J, Thiele H, Huther J, Failing K, Georgii S, and Brunn H. 2009. Carryover of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from soil to plants. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 57:289-298.

Stock NL, Furdui VI, Muir DC, and Mabury SA. 2007. Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in the Canadian Arctic: evidence of atmospheric transport and local contamination. Environ Sci Technol 41:3529-3536.

Sun H, Li F, Zhang T, Zhang X, He N, Song Q, Zhao L, Sun L, and Sun T. 2011. Perfluorinated compounds in surface waters and WWTPs in Shenyang, China: mass flows and source analysis. Water Res 45:4483-4490.

Sun H, Zhang X, Wang L, Zhang T, Li F, He N, and Alder AC. 2012. Perfluoroalkyl compounds in municipal WWTPs in Tianjin, China–concentrations, distribution and mass flow. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 19:1405-1415.

Taniyasu S, Kannan K, So MK, Gulkowska A, Sinclair E, Okazawa T, and Yamashita N. 2005. Analysis of fluorotelomer alcohols, fluorotelomer acids, and short- and long-chain perfluorinated acids in water and biota. J Chromatogr A 1093:89-97.

Taniyasu S, Yamashita N, Yamazaki E, Petrick G, and Kannan K. 2013. The environmental photolysis of perfluorooctanesulfonate, perfluorooctanoate, and related fluorochemicals. Chemosphere 90:1686-1692.

Taniyasu S, Yamashita N, Moon HB, Kwok KY, Lam PK, Horii Y, Petrick G, and Kannan K. 2013. Does wet precipitation represent local and regional atmospheric transportation by perfluorinated alkyl substances? Environ Int 55:25-32.

Thompson J, Roach A, Eaglesham G, Bartkow ME, Edge K, and Mueller JF. 2011. Perfluorinated alkyl acids in water, sediment and wildlife from Sydney Harbour and surroundings. Mar Pollut Bull 62:2869-2875.

Vierke L, Ahrens L, Shoeib M, Reiner E, Guo R, Palm W-U, Ebinghaus R, and Harner T. 2011. Air concentrations and particle-gas partitioning of polyfluoroalkyl compounds at a wastewater treatment plant. Environ Chem 8:363-371.

Wang N, Szostek B, Buck RC, Folsom PW, Sulecki LM, Capka V, Berti WR, and Gannon JT. 2005. Fluorotelomer alcohol biodegradation-direct evidence that perfluorinated carbon chains breakdown. Environ Sci Technol 39:7516-7528.

Wang N, Szostek B, Buck RC, Folsom PW, Sulecki LM, and Gannon JT. 2009. 8-2 fluorotelomer alcohol aerobic soil biodegradation: pathways, metabolites, and metabolite yields. Chemosphere 75:1089-1096.

Wang N, Liu J, Buck RC, Korzeniowski SH, Wolstenholme BW, Folsom PW, and Sulecki LM. 2011. 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate aerobic biotransformation in activated sludge of waste water treatment plants. Chemosphere 82:853-858.

Wang X, Halsall C, Codling G, Xie Z, Xu B, Zhao Z, Xue Y, Ebinghaus R, and Jones KC. 2014. Accumulation of perfluoroalkyl compounds in tibetan mountain snow: temporal patterns from 1980 to 2010. Environ Sci Technol 48:173-181.

Wang Z, Cousins IT, Scheringer M, Buck RC, Hungerbühler K. 2014. Global emission inventories for C4-C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) homologues from 1951 to 2030, Part I: production and emissions from quantifiable sources. Environ Int.70:62-75.

Wang Z, Cousins IT, Scheringer M, Buck RC, Hungerbühler K. 2014. Global emission inventories for C4-C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) homologues from 1951 to 2030, part II: the remaining pieces of the puzzle. Environ Int. 69:166-76.

Wang Z, Scheringer M, MacLeod M, Bogdal C, Muller CE, Gerecke AC, and Hungerbuhler K. 2012. Atmospheric fate of poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs): II. Emission source strength in summer in Zurich, Switzerland. Environ Pollut 169:204-209.

Washington JW, Ellington J, Jenkins TM, Evans JJ, Yoo H, and Hafner SC. 2009. Degradability of an acrylate-linked, fluorotelomer polymer in soil. Environ Sci Technol 43:6617-6623.

Wilhelm M, Bergmann S, and Dieter HH. 2010. Occurrence of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in drinking water of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and new approach to assess drinking water contamination by shorter-chained C4-C7 PFCs. Int J Hyg Environ Health 213:224-232.

Xie Z, Zhao Z, Moller A, Wolschke H, Ahrens L, Sturm R, and Ebinghaus R. 2013. Neutral poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in air and seawater of the North Sea. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 20:7988-8000.

Yarwood G, Kemball-Cook S, Keinath M, Waterland RL, Korzeniowski SH, Buck RC, Russell MH, and Washburn ST. 2007. High-resolution atmospheric modeling of fluorotelomer alcohols and perfluorocarboxylic acids in the North American troposphere. Environ Sci Technol 41:5756-5762.

Young CJ and Mabury SA. 2010. Atmospheric perfluorinated acid precursors: chemistry, occurrence, and impacts. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 208:1-109.

Yoo H, Washington JW, Jenkins TM, and Ellington JJ. 2011. Quantitative determination of perfluorochemicals and fluorotelomer alcohols in plants from biosolid-amended fields using LC/MS/MS and GC/MS. Environ Sci Technol 45:7985-7990.

Yoo H, Washington JW, Ellington JJ, Jenkins TM, and Neill MP. 2010. Concentrations, distribution, and persistence of fluorotelomer alcohols in sludge-applied soils near Decatur, Alabama, USA. Environ Sci Technol 44:8397-8402.

Zhang S, Szostek B, McCausland PK, Wolstenholme BW, Lu X, Wang N, and Buck RC. 2013. 6:2 and 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol anaerobic biotransformation in digester sludge from a WWTP under methanogenic conditions. Environ Sci Technol 47:4227-4235.

Zhao L, Folsom PW, Wolstenholme BW, Sun H, Wang N, and Buck RC. 2013. 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol biotransformation in an aerobic river sediment system. Chemosphere 90:203-209.

Zhao L, McCausland PK, Folsom PW, Wolstenholme BW, Sun H, Wang N, and Buck RC. 2013. 6:2 Fluorotelomer alcohol aerobic biotransformation in activated sludge from two domestic wastewater treatment plants. Chemosphere 92:464-470.

Zhao S, Fang S, Zhu L, Liu L, Liu Z, and Zhang Y. 2014. Mutual impacts of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and earthworms (Eisenia fetida) on the bioavailability of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in soil. Environ Pollut 184:495-501.

Zhao Z, Xie Z, Moller A, Sturm R, Tang J, Zhang G, and Ebinghaus R. 2012. Distribution and long-range transport of polyfluoroalkyl substances in the Arctic, Atlantic Ocean and Antarctic coast. Environ Pollut 170:71-7

Bioaccumulation

Conder JM, Hoke RA, de WW, Russell MH, and Buck RC. 2008. Are PFCAs bioaccumulative? A critical review and comparison with regulatory criteria and persistent lipophilic compounds. Environ Sci Technol 42:995-1003.

Conder JM, Gobas FA, Borga K, Muir DC, and Powell DE. 2012. Use of trophic magnification factors and related measures to characterize bioaccumulation potential of chemicals. Integr Environ Assess Manag 8:85-97.

Han X, Nabb DL, Mingoia RT, and Yang CH. 2007. Determination of xenobiotic intrinsic clearance in freshly isolated hepatocytes from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and rat and its application in bioaccumulation assessment. Environ Sci Technol 41:3269-3276.

Hoke RA, Ferrell BD, Ryan T, Sloman TL, Green JW, Nabb DL, Mingoia R, Buck RC, Korzeniowski SH. 2015. Aquatic hazard, bioaccumulation and screening risk assessment for 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate. Chemosphere 128:258-65.

Lasier PJ, Washington JW, Hassan SM, and Jenkins TM. 2011. Perfluorinated chemicals in surface waters and sediments from northwest Georgia, USA, and their bioaccumulation in Lumbriculus variegatus. Environ Toxicol Chem 30:2194-2201.

Martin JW, Mabury SA, Solomon KR, and Muir DC. 2003. Dietary accumulation of perfluorinated acids in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ Toxicol Chem 22:189-195.

Suja F, Pramanik BK, and Zain SM. 2009. Contamination, bioaccumulation and toxic effects of perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in the water environment: a review paper. Water Sci Technol 60:1533-1544.

Biomonitoring

Falandysz J, Taniyasu S, Yamashita N, Jecek L, Rostkowski P, Gulkowska A, Mostrag A, Walczykiewicz B, Zegarowski L, Falandysz J, and Zalewski K. 2006. [Perfluorinated chemicals in the environment, food and human body]. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 57:113-124.

Falandysz J, Taniyasu S, Yamashita N, Rostkowski P, Zalewski K, and Kannan K. 2007. Perfluorinated compounds in some terrestrial and aquatic wildlife species from Poland. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 42:715-719.

Fraser AJ, Webster TF, Watkins DJ, Nelson JW, Stapleton HM, Calafat AM, Kato K, Shoeib M, Vieira VM, and McClean MD. 2012. Polyfluorinated compounds in serum linked to indoor air in office environments. Environ Sci Technol 46:1209-1215.

Fromme H, Tittlemier SA, Volkel W, Wilhelm M, and Twardella D. 2009. Perfluorinated compounds–exposure assessment for the general population in Western countries. Int J Hyg Environ Health 212:239-270.

Guo F, Zhong Y, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang J, Liu J, Zhao Y, and Wu Y. 2011. Perfluorinated compounds in human blood around Bohai Sea, China. Chemosphere 85:156-162.

Harada KH, Hitomi T, Niisoe T, Takanaka K, Kamiyama S, Watanabe T, Moon CS, Yang HR, Hung NN, and Koizumi A. 2011. Odd-numbered perfluorocarboxylates predominate over perfluorooctanoic acid in serum samples from Japan, Korea and Vietnam. Environ Int 37:1183-1189.

Houde M, Wells RS, Fair PA, Bossart GD, Hohn AA, Rowles TK, Sweeney JC, Solomon KR, and Muir DC. 2005. Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Environ Sci Technol 39:6591-6598.

Keller JM, Kannan K, Taniyasu S, Yamashita N, Day RD, Arendt MD, Segars AL, and Kucklick JR. 2005. Perfluorinated compounds in the plasma of loggerhead and Kemp’s ridley sea turtles from the southeastern coast of the United States. Environ Sci Technol 39:9101-9108.

Klenow S, Heinemeyer G, Brambilla G, Dellatte E, Herzke D, and de VP. 2013. Dietary exposure to selected perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in four European regions. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 30:2141-2151.

Llorca M, Perez F, Farre M, Agramunt S, Kogevinas M, and Barcelo D. 2012. Analysis of perfluoroalkyl substances in cord blood by turbulent flow chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Sci Total Environ 433:151-160.

Nilsson H, Karrman A, Rotander A, van BB, Lindstrom G, and Westberg H. 2010. Inhalation exposure to fluorotelomer alcohols yield perfluorocarboxylates in human blood? Environ Sci Technol 44:7717-7722.

Nilsson H, Karrman A, Rotander A, van BB, Lindstrom G, and Westberg H. 2013. Biotransformation of fluorotelomer compound to perfluorocarboxylates in humans. Environ Int 51:8-12.

Nilsson H, Karrman A, Rotander A, van BB, Lindstrom G, and Westberg H. 2013. Professional ski waxers’ exposure to PFAS and aerosol concentrations in gas phase and different particle size fractions. Environ Sci Process Impacts 15:814-822.

Olsen GW, Burris JM, Ehresman DJ, Froehlich JW, Seacat AM, Butenhoff JL, and Zobel LR. 2007. Half-life of serum elimination of perfluorooctanesulfonate,perfluorohexanesulfonate, and perfluorooctanoate inretired fluorochemical production workers. Environ Health Perspect 115:1298-1305.

Olsen GW, Ellefson ME, Mair DC, Church TR, Goldberg CL, Herron RM, Medhdizadehkashi Z, Nobiletti JB, Rios JA, Reagen WK, and Zobel LR. 2011. Analysis of a homologous series of perfluorocarboxylates from American Red Cross adult blood donors, 2000-2001 and 2006. Environ Sci Technol 45:8022-8029.

Olsen GW, Lange CC, Ellefson ME, Mair DC, Church TR, Goldberg CL, Herron RM, Medhdizadehkashi Z, Nobiletti JB, Rios JA, Reagen WK, and Zobel LR. 2012. Temporal trends of perfluoroalkyl concentrations in American Red Cross adult blood donors, 2000-2010. Environ Sci Technol 46:6330-6338

Vestergren R, Berger U, Glynn A, and Cousins IT. 2012. Dietary exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids for the Swedish population in 1999, 2005 and 2010. Environ Int 49:120-127.

Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Yeung LW, Taniyasu S, Yamazaki E, Wang R, Lam PK, Yamashita N, and Dai J. 2013. Age- and gender-related accumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances in captive Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis). Environ Pollut 179:61-67.

Wilhelm M, Holzer J, Dobler L, Rauchfuss K, Midasch O, Kraft M, Angerer J, and Wiesmuller G. 2009. Preliminary observations on perfluorinated compounds in plasma samples (1977-2004) of young German adults from an area with perfluoro

Toxicology/Risk Assessment

Andersen ME, Butenhoff JL, Chang SC, Farrar DG, Kennedy GL, Jr., Lau C, Olsen GW, Seed J, and Wallace KB. 2008. Perfluoroalkyl acids and related chemistries–toxicokinetics and modes of action. Toxicol Sci 102:3-14.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2009. Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls. Atlanta, Georgia.

Borg D, Lund BO, Lindquist NG, and Hakansson H. 2013. Cumulative health risk assessment of 17 perfluoroalkylated and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in the Swedish population. Environ Int 59:112-123.

Butenhoff JL, Gaylor DW, Moore JA, Olsen GW, Rodricks J, Mandel JH, and Zobel LR. 2004. Characterization of risk for general population exposure to perfluorooctanoate. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 39:363-380.

Chengelis CP, Kirkpatrick JB, Myers NR, Shinohara M, Stetson PL, and Sved DW. 2009. Comparison of the toxicokinetic behavior of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and nonafluorobutane-1-sulfonic acid (PFBS) in cynomolgus monkeys and rats. Reprod Toxicol 27:400-406.

Chengelis CP, Kirkpatrick JB, Radovsky A, and Shinohara M. 2009. A 90-day repeated dose oral (gavage) toxicity study of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) in rats (with functional observational battery and motor activity determinations). Reprod Toxicol 27:342-351.

D’Hollander W, de VP, De CW, and Bervoets L. 2010. Perfluorinated substances in human food and other sources of human exposure. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 208:179-215.

Domingo JL, Jogsten IE, Eriksson U, Martorell I, Perello G, Nadal M, and Bavel B. 2012. Human dietary exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances in Catalonia, Spain. Temporal trend. Food Chem 135:1575-1582.

Domingo JL. 2012. Health risks of dietary exposure to perfluorinated compounds. Environ Int 40:187-195.

Eriksen KT, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Sorensen M, Roursgaard M, Loft S, and Moller P. 2010. Genotoxic potential of the perfluorinated chemicals PFOA, PFOS, PFBS, PFNA and PFHxA in human HepG2 cells. Mutat Res 700:39-43.

Gannon SA, Johnson T, Nabb DL, Serex TL, Buck RC, and Loveless SE. 2011. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of [1-(1)(4)C]-perfluorohexanoate ([(1)(4)C]-PFHx) in rats and mice. Toxicology 283:55-62.

Genuis SJ, Birkholz D, Ralitsch M, and Thibault N. 2010. Human detoxification of perfluorinated compounds. Public Health 124:367-375.

Han X, Nabb DL, Mingoia RT, and Yang CH. 2007. Determination of xenobiotic intrinsic clearance in freshly isolated hepatocytes from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and rat and its application in bioaccumulation assessment. Environ Sci Technol 41:3269-3276.

Iwai H, Hoberman AM. 2014. Oral (Gavage) Combined Developmental and Perinatal/Postnatal Reproduction Toxicity Study of Ammonium Salt of Perfluorinated Hexanoic Acid in Mice.  Int J Toxicol. 33(3):219-237.

Klaunig JE, Shinohara M, Iwai H, Chengelis CP, Kirkpatrick JB, Wang Z, Bruner RH. 2015. Evaluation of the chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) in Sprague-Dawley rats.  Toxicol Pathol. 2015 Feb;43(2):209-20.

Kops M. 2012. Human Risks of Perfluorinated Chemicals (PFCs): a Review of the Literature. Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. Kovarova J and Svobodova Z. 2008. Perfluorinated compounds: occurrence and risk profile. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 29:599-608.
Lau C, Anitole K, Hodes C, Lai D, Pfahles-Hutchens A, and Seed J. 2007. Perfluoroalkyl acids: a review of monitoring and toxicological findings. Toxicol Sci 99:366-394.

Loveless SE, Slezak B, Serex T, Lewis J, Mukerji P, O’Connor JC, Donner EM, Frame SR, Korzeniowski SH, and Buck RC. 2009. Toxicological evaluation of sodium perfluorohexanoate. Toxicology 264:32-44.

Mulkiewicz E, Jastorff B, Skladanowski AC, Kleszczynski K, and Stepnowski P. 2007. Evaluation of the acute toxicity of perfluorinated carboxylic acids using eukaryotic cell lines, bacteria and enzymatic assays. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 23:279-285.

O’Connor JC, Munley SM, Serex TL, Buck RC. Evaluation of the reproductive and developmental toxicity of 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol in rats. 2014.  Toxicology 317:6-16.

Olsen GW, Butenhoff JL, and Zobel LR. 2009. Perfluoroalkyl chemicals and human fetal development: an epidemiologic review with clinical and toxicological perspectives. Reprod Toxicol 27:212-230.

Phillips MM, nglasan-Panlilio MJ, Mabury SA, Solomon KR, and Sibley PK. 2007. Fluorotelomer acids are more toxic than perfluorinated acids. Environ Sci Technol 41:7159-7163.

Ruan T, Sulecki LM, Wolstenholme BW, Jiang G, Wang N, Buck RC. 2014.  6:2 Fluorotelomer iodide in vitro metabolism by rat liver microsomes: comparison with [1,2-(14)C] 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol.  Chemosphere. 112:34-41.

Russell MH, Himmelstein MW, Buck RC. 2015. Inhalation and oral toxicokinetics of 6:2 FTOH and its metabolites in mammals. Chemosphere. 120:328-35.

Russell MH, Nilsson H, and Buck RC. 2013. Elimination kinetics of perfluorohexanoic acid in humans and comparison with mouse, rat and monkey. Chemosphere 93:2419-2425.

Serex T, Anand S, Munley S, Donner EM, Frame SR, Buck RC, Loveless SE. Toxicological evaluation of 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol. 2014. Toxicology 319:1-9.

Stahl T, Mattern D, and Brunn H. 2011. Toxicology of perfluorinated compounds. Environmental Sciences Europe 23:38.

Zushi Y, Hogarh JN, and Masunaga S. 2012. Progress and perspective of perfluorinated compound risk assessment and management in various countries and institutes. Clean Techn Environ Policy 14:9-20.

Ecotoxicology

Ding G and Peijnenburg WJGM. 2013. Physicochemical Properties and Aquatic Toxicity of Poly- and Perfluorinated Compounds. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 43:598-678.

Giesy JP, Naile JE, Khim JS, Jones PD, and Newsted JL. 2010. Aquatic toxicology of perfluorinated chemicals. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 202:1-52.Han X, Nabb DL, Mingoia RT, and Yang CH. 2007. Determination of xenobiotic intrinsic clearance in freshly isolated hepatocytes from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and rat and its application in bioaccumulation assessment. Environ Sci Technol 41:3269-3276.

Hoke RA, Ferrell BD, Ryan T, Sloman TL, Green JW, Nabb DL, Mingoia R, Buck RC, Korzeniowski SH. 2015.  Aquatic hazard, bioaccumulation and screening risk assessment for 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate. Chemosphere  128:258-65.

Latala A, Nedzi M, and Stepnowski P. 2009. Acute toxicity assessment of perfluorinated carboxylic acids towards the Baltic microalgae. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 28:167-171.

Liu W, Chen S, Quan X, and Jin YH. 2008. Toxic effect of serial perfluorosulfonic and perfluorocarboxylic acids on the membrane system of a freshwater alga measured by flow cytometry. Environ Toxicol Chem 27:1597-1604.

Martin JW, Mabury SA, Solomon KR, and Muir DC. 2003. Bioconcentration and tissue distribution of perfluorinated acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ Toxicol Chem 22:196-204.

Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Yeung LW, Taniyasu S, Yamazaki E, Wang R, Lam PK, Yamashita N, and Dai J. 2013. Age- and gender-related accumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances in captive Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis). Environ Pollut 179:61-67.

Wang Y, Yeung LW, Taniyasu S, Yamashita N, Lam JC, and Lam PK. 2008. Perfluorooctane sulfonate and other fluorochemicals in waterbird eggs from south China. Environ Sci Technol 42:8146-8151.

Suja F, Pramanik BK, and Zain SM. 2009. Contamination, bioaccumulation and toxic effects of perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in the water environment: a review paper. Water Sci Technol 60:1533-1544.

General

Boethling RS and Nabholz JV. 1997. Environmental Assessment of Polymers under the U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act. In: Ecological Assessment of Polymers Strategies for Product Stewardship and Regulatory Programs, eds Hamilton JD and Sutcliffe R, 187-234. Van Nostrand Reinhld.

Buck RC, Franklin J, Berger U, Conder JM, Cousins IT, de VP, Jensen AA, Kannan K, Mabury SA, and van Leeuwen SP. 2011. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: terminology, classification, and origins. Integr Environ Assess Manag 7:513-541.

Conder JM, Buck RC, Franklin J, Berger U, Cousins IT, de Voogt P, Jensen AA, Kannan K, Mabury SA, and van Leeuwen SPJ. 2011. Perfluoroalkyl & Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in the Environment: A Review of Terminology & Hierarchy. Poster Presentation at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America 32nd Annual Meeting.